Pyrolysis systems with enhanced solids handling

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for processing pyrolyzable materials in order to recover one or more usable end products are provided. Pyrolysis methods and systems according to various aspects of the present invention are able to thermally decompose carbon-containing materials, including, for example, tires and other rubber-containing materials, in order recover hydrocarbon-containing products including synthesis gas, pyrolysis oil, and carbon black. Systems and methods according to aspects of the present invention may be successful on a commercial scale, and may be suitable for processing a variety of feedstocks, including, but not limited to, used tires and other types of industrial, agricultural, and consumer waste materials.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/197,432, filed on Jul. 27, 2015, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to systems and methods forpyrolyzing carbon-containing materials.

2. Description of Related Art

In general, pyrolysis is a process of thermochemically decomposingcarbon-containing materials at an elevated temperature and in theabsence of oxygen. Pyrolysis may be used to convert carbon-containingmaterials including, for example, rubber-containing composites such astires and other industrial rubber and rubber-based items, into othermaterials, including carbon- and hydrocarbon-containing compounds likepyrolysis oils, residue gases, and carbonaceous solids. In addition toproviding a more environmentally-benign method of disposing of variouscarbon-containing waste materials, such as, for example, used tires,pyrolysis also provides an opportunity to create valuable end products,which may themselves be further usable, salable, and/or recyclable. Todate, a commercial-scale pyrolysis facility capable of efficiently andpredictably recovering valuable products from various carbon-containingfeedstocks has yet to be provided.

Therefore, a need exists for systems and method of pyrolyzingcarbon-containing material to create valuable end products. Ideally,such systems and methods could be employed on a commercial scale andcould be configured to process a wide variety of feedstocks, while stillproviding products with predictable and desirable properties.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the present invention concerns a method of pyrolyzing arubber-containing material. The method comprises the steps of (a)heating at least one crucible at least partially filled with a firstquantity of the rubber-containing material under conditions sufficientto pyrolyze at least a portion of the rubber-containing material tothereby form pyrolysis vapors and pyrolysis solids, wherein thepyrolysis solids comprise carbon black, carbon black fines, and metallicelements; (b) cooling the pyrolysis solids within the crucible toprovide cooled pyrolysis solids; (c) emptying the cooled pyrolysissolids from the crucible into a solids transfer zone; (d) transferringat least a portion of the pyrolysis solids from the solids transfer zoneto a solids cooling zone; (e) further cooling the pyrolysis solids inthe solids cooling zone to provide further cooled pyrolysis solids; (f)separating the further cooled pyrolysis solids into carbon black andmetallic elements in a solids separation zone; (g) loading at least aportion of the carbon black into one or more storage containers in aloading zone, wherein at least one of the emptying, the transferring,the further cooling, the separating, and the loading causes at least aportion of the carbon black fines to be emitted into the surroundingenvironment; (h) capturing at least a portion of the carbon black finesemitted into the surrounding environment during at least a portion ofthe emptying, the transferring, the further cooling, the separating,and/or the loading to provide captured carbon black fines; and (i)introducing at least a portion of the captured carbon black fines intoone or more storage containers in the loading zone.

Another aspect of the present invention concerns a pyrolysis facilityfor pyrolyzing a rubber-containing material. The facility comprises afilling zone configured to at least partially fill at least one cruciblewith a first quantity of the rubber-containing material, and a pyrolysiszone comprising at least one pyrolysis furnace defining at least oneindividual heating zone for receiving and heating the crucible underconditions sufficient to pyrolyze at least a portion of the firstquantity of rubber-containing material to thereby provide pyrolysisvapors and pyrolysis solids. The pyrolysis solids comprise carbon blackand carbon black fines. The facility also comprises a solids processingzone configured for recovering at least one product from the pyrolysissolids. The solids processing zone comprises a solids transfer zone, asolids cooling zone, at least one solids separation zone, and at leastone loading zone. The facility also comprises a fines capturing systemfor capturing at least a portion of the carbon black fines emitted intothe surrounding environment within at least one of the solids transferzone, the solids cooling zone, the solids separation zone, the loadingzone. The loading zone is configured to receive carbon black finescaptured in at least a portion of the fines capturing system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary pyrolysis facility 10,particularly illustrating various areas within the facility and therelationships between these areas;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a pyrolysis zone 214 suitable for usein the pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1, particularly illustratingthe processing steps of crucibles 250 a-250 l during a portion of theoverall heating cycle shown in FIGS. 3a -c;

FIG. 3a is a chart illustrating the overall heating cycle of crucibles250 a-250 l in the pyrolysis zone 214 shown in FIG. 2, particularlyillustrating the processing steps for each of crucibles 250 a-250 lduring the first eight hours of a 24-hour cycle;

FIG. 3b is a chart illustrating the overall heating cycle of crucibles250 a-250 l in the pyrolysis zone 214 shown in FIG. 2, particularlyillustrating the processing steps for each of crucibles 250 a-250 lduring the second eight hours of a 24-hour cycle;

FIG. 3c is a chart illustrating the overall heating cycle of crucibles250 a-250 l in the pyrolysis zone 214 shown in FIG. 2, particularlyillustrating the processing steps for each of crucibles 250 a-250 lduring the last eight hours of a 24-hour cycle;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary pyrolysis zone 414 and aseparation zone 416 suitable for use in pyrolysis facility 10,particularly showing the use of a single separation zone to processpyrolysis vapor from multiple crucibles heated in more than onepyrolysis furnace;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary solids processing system518 suitable for use in pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1,particularly illustrating various areas of the solids processing zone518 and the relationships between these areas;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary solids processing system618 suitable for use in pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1,particularly illustrating one example of a dust collection system 650and its related components; and

FIG. 7 is an exemplary yield curve, particularly showing the yield ofpyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and carbon black as a function ofpyrolysis temperature during pyrolysis of a rubber-containing material.

DESCRIPTION

Turning initially to FIG. 1, a schematic depiction of a pyrolysisfacility 10 capable of pyrolyzing rubber and other carbon-containingmaterials to form a variety of valuable end products is provided. Asshown in FIG. 1, pyrolysis facility 10 includes a feed preparation zone12, a pyrolysis zone 14, a separation zone 16, and a solids processingzone 18. During pyrolysis of a carbon-containing material, largercarbon-containing molecules may be thermally decomposed and chemicallymodified in order to provide a lighter hydrocarbon pyrolysis vapor and acarbon-rich residual solid material. In some cases, the pyrolysisperformed in pyrolysis facility 10 may be low temperature pyrolysis,which is generally carried out at temperatures less than about 1,000°F., or it may be high temperature pyrolysis, which is generallyperformed at temperatures exceeding 1,000° F. Additional detailsregarding the operation of pyrolysis facility 10 will be describedherein, with respect to the Figures.

Pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be configured to process oneor more types of feed. Any pyrolyzable carbon-containing materials maybe used, including, for example, rubber and rubber-containing materials,plastics, wood, paper, biomass such as agricultural and forestry wastematerials, coal, oils, including waste oil, and the like. Examples ofsuitable rubber-containing materials can include, but not limited to,tires, rubber-coated chains, reinforced rubber belts, mats, hoses,tubing, and combinations thereof. The pyrolyzable feed introduced intopyrolysis facility 10 can include one or more types of waste materials,including industrial waste materials, consumer waste materials, and/oragricultural waste materials, that otherwise have limited or no furtheruse. Although generally described herein with respect torubber-containing materials, it should be understood that pyrolysisfacility 10 may additionally, or alternatively, be configured to processany suitable pyrolyzable material, including one or more of thecarbon-containing materials listed above. In some cases, pyrolysisfacility 10 may be configured to process a single feedstock, or alimited number of feedstocks, while, in other cases, pyrolysis facility10 may be capable of pyrolyzing a wide range of feedstocks.

The feedstock introduced into facility 10 can be in any size and of anyshape capable of being pyrolyzed within the facility. The feedstock maybe introduced into facility 10 in a ready-to-process form, or it mayrequire additional treatment prior to pyrolysis. When the feedstockincludes tires, the tires delivered to facility 10 may be whole tires orthe tires may be pre-shredded or ground into smaller pieces. Whenshredded, the average length, or longest dimension, of the tirefeedstock can be at least about 0.5 inches, at least about 1 inch, or atleast about 2 inches and/or not more than about 15 inches, not more thanabout 10 inches, not more than about 8 inches, not more than about 6inches, or not more than about 5 inches. The tire feedstock may bepre-sorted, for example, by manufacturer, by type of tire (e.g., roadtire, agricultural tire, heavy equipment tire, etc.), and/or by specifictire component (e.g., sidewall, bead, tread, etc.). Alternatively, thefeedstock may include a mixture of tires from several manufacturers, itmay include several types of tires, and/or it may include multiple tirecomponents.

As shown in FIG. 1, the pyrolyzable feedstock introduced into pyrolysisfacility 10 is initially introduced into a pretreatment and storage zone20, wherein the feedstock may be pretreated, as needed, and/or storedprior to pyrolysis. In pretreatment and storage zone 20, the feedstockcan be prepared, as needed, for subsequent pyrolysis by, for example,washing, drying, sorting, and/or shredding the feedstock into a moreprocessable form. When, for example, the feedstock includes a mixture oftires, the tires may be sorted in pretreatment and storage zone 20 bymanufacturer and/or by type, as discussed above. Alternatively, or inaddition, whole tires may be shredded and, optionally separated intocomponent parts, within pretreatment and storage zone 20, using suitableequipment. Pretreatment and storage zone 20 may also include one or morestorage containers, areas, bunkers, or silos for storing the feed priorto pyrolysis.

As shown in FIG. 1, the feed exiting pretreatment and storage zone 20can be transferred to a filling zone 22 via line 110. Any suitabletransfer device can be used to move the feed from pretreatment andstorage zone 20 to filling zone 22. Examples of transfer devices caninclude, but are not limited to, convey devices like conveyor belts andwalking floors, or mobile vehicles such as a cart, trailer, or forklift.

In filling zone 22, the pyrolyzable feed transferred from pretreatmentand storage zone 20 via line 110 is loaded into one or more crucibles. Acrucible can be any sealable container, capable of withstanding elevatedtemperatures, that is able to facilitate pyrolysis of the materialscontained therein. Crucibles can be formed of any suitable material thatis inert to the contents and capable of withstanding elevated pyrolysistemperatures. Such materials include, but are not limited to, steel orother similar metal. Crucibles can have any desirable size and/or shapeand may, for example, have an internal volume of at least about 15 cubicfeet, at least about 25 cubic feet, or at least about 30 cubic feetand/or not more than about 150 cubic feet, not more than about 100 cubicfeet, not more than about 75 cubic feet, or not more than about 50 cubicfeet. In some cases, the crucibles may be cylindrical and may have adiameter of at least about 2 feet, at least about 2.5 feet, or at leastabout 3 feet and/or not more than about 6 feet, not more than about 5feet, or not more than about 4 feet, with a length of at least about 3feet, at least about 3.5 feet, or at least about 4 feet and/or not morethan about 8 feet, not more than about 7 feet, or not more than about 6feet. The exact size and shape of the crucible may depend, in part, onthe specific furnace configuration and desired batch size.

In filling zone 22, one or more crucibles may be at least partiallyfilled with pyrolyzable feedstock which, can, for example, comprise arubber-containing material. The amount of feed introduced into thecrucible may vary depending on several factors, including the totalproduction capacity of the facility, the size and shape of thecrucibles, the type and form of the feed, the configuration of thefurnace, and combinations thereof. In some cases, each crucible may beplaced on a scale, tared, and filled with at least about 250, at leastabout 350, at least about 450, at least about 500 pounds, at least about600 pounds, or at least about 700 pounds and/or not more than about1,000 pounds, not more than about 900 pounds, or not more than about 800pounds of pyrolyzable feed. Depending on the size of the crucible, thismay result in at least 50 percent, at least 75 percent, at least 85percent, or at least 90 percent of the total internal volume of thecrucible being filled with pyrolyzable feed. The crucibles can be filledindividually in sequence, or two or more crucibles may be filledsimultaneously. Additionally, each crucible may be filled on anas-needed basis, or one or more crucibles may be pre-filled and held ina holding area (not shown) to await transfer into pyrolysis zone 14,which will be discussed in detail shortly. The crucibles can be filledaccording to any suitable method, including manually, by forklift, or bya hydraulic device.

Once filled, the crucible may be sealed by placing and securing aremovable cover to the top of the crucible. Optionally, prior tosecuring the cover onto the crucible, a gasket may be inserted betweenthe crucible and the cover in order to facilitate a better seal betweenthe two components and prevent outward leakage or oxygen ingress duringheating. When used, the gasket may be a high temperature reusable gasketcapable of being exposed to multiple temperature cycles without losingfunctionality. After placement of the gasket, if any, the cover may thenbe secured onto the crucible in any suitable manner and can, forexample, be bolted onto an upper flange surface of the crucible. In thisway, the cover may be removably coupled to the crucible so that it maybe subsequently removed, after pyrolysis, to facilitate emptying andrefilling of the crucible for further pyrolysis cycles. In some cases,an overhead transport crane or other lift device may be used to placethe cover onto the crucible and/or to transport the cover to and from acover storage area (not shown).

In addition to being configured to seal the crucible, the cover may alsoinclude one or more outlets configured to connect the crucible to one ormore systems within the facility during pyrolysis. For example, thecover may include a product outlet for connecting the crucible with ahydrocarbon collection system configured to collect and process thevapor generated during pyrolysis. The cover may also include at leastone vent outlet configured for connecting the crucible to a pressurerelief system. The vent outlet may include at least one relief valve ordevice, such as a rupture disk, that opens to vent the crucible in thecase of an overpressure. The cover may also optionally include one ormore inlets for control system indicators, such as temperature and/orpressure indicators, that may provide information on various processparameters useful for operating and optimizing the system.

Once sealed, the at least partially filled crucibles can be transportedto pyrolysis zone 14 by any suitable transfer device, which isrepresented by line 112 in FIG. 1. Examples of suitable transfer devicesinclude, but are not limited to, a fork lift or overhead crane system.In some cases when pyrolysis zone 14 includes two or more pyrolysisfurnaces, a single transfer device, such as an overhead lift system, maybe configured to load crucibles into each furnace. Once loaded into afurnace, the crucible may be connected to, and subsequently de-isolatedfrom, hydrocarbon collection and pressure relief systems. Additionally,any instrumentation, such as thermocouples or pressure indicators, mayalso be connected prior to initiating the pyrolysis cycle. The cruciblemay be secured into a stationary position within the furnace, such thatit does not rotate or otherwise change position during heating.

Each individual pyrolysis cycle may be initiated by first preheating theat least partially filled crucible to a maximum temperature of at leastabout 300° F., at least about 350° F., or at least about 375° F. and/ornot more than about 600° F., not more than about 550° F., not more thanabout 500° F., or not more than about 450° F., or it can be in the rangeof from about 300° F. to about 600° F., about 350° F. to about 550° F.,or about 375° F. to about 500° F. Unless otherwise noted, thetemperature of the crucible refers to the temperature of the interior ofthe crucible measured with a temperature indicator or other equivalentdevice. The pressure within the crucible during the preheating step maybe at least about 0.5 pounds per square inch, gauge, (psig), at leastabout 1 psig, at least about 1.5 psig, at least about 2 psig, at leastabout 3 psig, at least about 5 psig and/or not more than about 20 psig,not more than about 15 psig, not more than about 10 psig, not more thanabout 8 psig.

Generally, this preheating step may have a duration in the range of atleast about 15 minutes, at least about 30 minutes, or at least about 45minutes and/or not more than about 120 minutes, not more than about 90minutes, or not more than about 60 minutes. During this time, thefurnace may be controlled to maximize the heating rate by, for example,having the furnace burner fully open.

After preheating, the crucible may then be further heated to atemperature of at least about 700° F., at least about 750° F., at leastabout 800° F., or at least about 825° F. and/or not more than about1,500° F., not more than about 1,250° F., not more than about 1,100° F.,not more than about 1,000° F., or not more than about 950° F. Othertemperatures, higher or lower than the above, may also be utilized,depending on the specific type of carbon-containing material beingpyrolyzed. In some cases, temperatures within the above ranges may besuitable for the pyrolysis of rubber-containing materials.

The pressure within the crucible during the pyrolysis step may be atleast about 0.5 pounds per square inch, gauge, (psig), at least about 1psig, at least about 1.5 psig, at least about 2 psig, at least about 3psig, at least about 5 psig and/or not more than about 20 psig, not morethan about 15 psig, not more than about 10 psig, not more than about 8psig. The oxygen content within the crucible during the heating stepsmay be less than about 0.05 volume percent, less than 0.01 volumepercent, or less than 0.005 volume percent, based on the total moles ofvapor within the crucible. This heating step may continue for a periodof time of at least about 30 minutes, at least about 45 minutes, atleast about 1 hour, at least about 2 hours and/or not more than about 5hours, not more than about 4 hours, or not more than about 3 hours.

During pyrolysis, the carbon-containing material within the cruciblethermochemically decompose to provide a hydrocarbon-containing pyrolysisvapors and residual pyrolysis solids. The amounts and composition of thepyrolysis vapors and residual solids depend, in large part, on the typeand composition of the pyrolyzable feedstock, as well as on thepyrolysis conditions. When, for example, the feedstock comprises arubber-containing material, such as a tire or other rubber-containingcomponents, the pyrolysis vapors formed include vaporized hydrocarboncomponents such as, for example, methane, ethane, propane, butane,pentane, and heavier, along with isomers and olefins of thesecomponents. The residual solid phase, also called the “pyrolysissolids,” can include both carbon-rich solid residual, or “carbon black,”as well as any other unpyrolyzable solid elements, such as metalelements, unpyrolyzed feed, and/or inorganic ash.

Upon achievement of the pyrolysis temperature, the crucible can bemaintained at that temperature, through adequate burner control, for ahold period of at least about 60 minutes, at least about 90 minutes, orat least about 120 minutes and/or not more than about 300 minutes, notmore than about 240 minutes, not more than about 180 minutes, or notmore than about 150 minutes to permit further decomposition of thepyrolyzable material. After the hold period, the burner air damper maybe closed, thereby stopping the active heating of the crucible, and thepyrolysis reaction can be permitted to continue, autothermally, foranother hold period of at least about 15 minutes, at least about 30minutes, or at least about 45 minutes and/or not more than about 300minutes, not more than about 240 minutes, not more than about 180minutes, not more than about 120 minutes, not more than about 90minutes, or not more than about 60 minutes.

Upon completion of the second hold period, the furnace air damper may beopened, thereby permitting the crucible to cool within the furnace. Sucha cooling may be performed for a period of at least about 15 minutes, atleast about 30 minutes, or at least about 45 minutes and/or not morethan about 120 minutes, not more than about 90 minutes, or not more thanabout 60 minutes before the crucible is again isolated from thecollection and pressure relief systems, and removed from the furnace. Atthis point, another sealed crucible, at least partially filled withpyrolyzable feed, may be loaded into the open furnace position and a newpyrolysis cycle can begin. The overall cycle time of an individualcrucible, from initiation of loading to completion of unloading, can beat least about 3 hours, at least about 4 hours, or at least about 4.5hours and/or not more than about 10 hours, not more than about 8 hours,not more than about 7 hours, or not more than 6.5 hours.

The pyrolysis furnace, or furnaces, utilized in pyrolysis zone 14 offacility 10 can be any furnace capable of heating one or more cruciblesunder conditions sufficient to pyrolyze the materials contained therein.Pyrolysis zone 14 may include a single furnace with multiple individualheating zones, or it may include several furnaces, each having a singleheating zone. Alternatively, pyrolysis zone 14 may include at least one,or two or more, furnaces that each include two or more individualheating zones. In total, pyrolysis zone 14 can include at least 1, atleast 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 furnaces thatcollectively define at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, atleast 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13,at least 15, at least 18, or at least 20 individual heating zones. Eachfurnace can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, orat least 5 individual heating zones disposed adjacent to one anotherwithin the furnace.

The individual heating zones disposed within one or more of the furnacesused in pyrolysis zone 14 may be individually controllable, and can beat least partially physically and/or thermally isolated from oneanother. As used herein, the term “physically isolated” refers to twospaces having at least one physical separation device disposedtherebetween. Examples of physical separation devices can include, butare not limited to, a wall, a partial wall, a door, or other similardivider. As used herein, the term “thermally isolated” refers to twoitems or spaces that can be independently heated and/or cooled so thatthe temperature of one does not depend solely on the temperature of theother. Structurally, furnaces having thermally isolated heating zonesmay, for example, have heating zones configured to receive and heat asingle crucible. In some cases, these individual heating zones may eachinclude a single burner and an independent burner control system, sothat each heating zone can be controlled independently to heat and coola single crucible as described above. The burners may be configured tocombust any suitable fuel, and, in some cases, may be configured only tocombust a gas-phase fuel source, such as natural gas.

During the above-described pyrolysis cycle, the vapor phase formedwithin each crucible may be withdrawn and passed, via a collectionheader, to a downstream separation zone 16 via line 14, as shown inFIG. 1. The pyrolysis solids formed within the crucible during pyrolysismay remain within the crucible during the above-described heating andcooling steps, and may be removed from the furnace in the crucible aftercompletion of the pyrolysis cycle. After pyrolysis, the crucible can betransported to a cooling zone 28 via line 116, wherein the pyrolysissolids may be permitted to cool further before being routed for furtherprocessing in solids processing zone 18, as shown in FIG. 1. Furtherdetails regarding the configuration and operation of each of separationzone 16 and solid processing zone 18 will be discussed shortly.

When pyrolysis facility 14 includes multiple individual heating zonesand/or multiple furnaces, the heating cycles of each of the cruciblesmay be staged, or sequenced, in order to provide a continuous flow ofvaporized hydrocarbon to the downstream separation zone 16 via line 114.In some cases, this may permit pyrolysis zone 14 may be operated in abatchwise manner, while separation zone 16 may be operated continuously.When sequential heating is used, each of the crucibles are exposed tothe same heating cycle, but no two crucibles are on exactly the samecycle. As a result, one crucible may be undergoing one part of thepyrolysis cycle (e.g., preheating, pyrolysis, hold, cooling, ortransferring), while one or more other crucibles may be undergoinganother part of the pyrolysis cycle. Thus, for a given point in thepyrolysis cycle, one or more crucibles may be preheating, heating,holding, cooling, or being transferred simultaneously with at least aportion of the preheating, heating, holding, cooling, and/ortransferring one or more other crucibles located in separate heatingzones of the same or a different pyrolysis furnace.

For example, a first crucible at least partially filled with a quantityof pyrolyzable material could be undergoing pyrolysis in a first heatingzone, while, at the same time, another crucible could be being loaded orunloaded into or out of a second heating zone. As used herein, the terms“first”, “second,” “third,” and the like are used to describe variouselements and such elements should not be limited by these terms. Theseterms are only used to distinguish one element from another and do notnecessarily imply a specific order or even a specific element. Forexample, an element may be regarded as the “first” element in thedescription and a “second” element in the claims without beinginconsistent and without unnecessarily limiting the present invention.Consistency is maintained within the description and each independentclaim and any claims depending therefrom, but such nomenclature is notnecessarily intended to be consistent therebetween.

In another example, a first crucible at least partially filled with aquantity of pyrolyzable material may be heated in a first individualheating zone under conditions sufficient to pyrolyze at least a portionof the pyrolyzable material therein, while a second crucible, at leastpartially filled with a quantity of one or more pyrolysis products, canbe cooled in a second individual heating zone. The first and secondheating zones can be in the same pyrolysis furnace, such that the secondcrucible is loaded into or unloaded out of the same pyrolysis furnace inwhich the first crucible is disposed during pyrolysis, or the first andsecond heating zones can be in different furnaces, such that the secondcrucible is loaded into a different pyrolysis furnace than the pyrolysisfurnace in which the first crucible is being heated.

At the same time, a third crucible at least partially filled with epyrolysis products can be transferred out of a third individual heatingzone, while a fourth crucible at least partially filled with a quantityof pyrolyzable material can be preheated in a fourth individual heatingzone. In some cases, at least two of the first, second, third, andfourth heating zones may be in the same pyrolysis furnace, or one ormore of the first, second, third, and fourth heating zones may be indifferent pyrolysis furnaces. Regardless of the location of the first,second, third, and fourth heating zones, however, at least a portion ofthe heating of the first crucible, at least a portion of the cooling ofthe second crucible, at least a portion of the transferring of the thirdcrucible, and at least a portion of the preheating of the fourthcrucible can be performed simultaneously.

Pyrolysis systems of the present invention can include more than fourindividual heating zones and, in such cases, one or more of the otherheating zones can also be operated such that a fifth (or other) cruciblecan be preheated, heated under pyrolysis conditions, subjected to a holdperiod, cooled, or transferred into or out of a fifth heating zonesimultaneously with the heating of the first crucible, at least aportion of the cooling of the second crucible, at least a portion of thetransferring of the third crucible, and at least a portion of thepreheating of the fourth crucible as described above. In some cases, atleast two, at least three, or at least four or more other crucibles maybe preheated, heated under pyrolysis conditions, subjected to a holdperiod, cooled, or transferred into or out of other heating zones duringat least a portion of the above-described process steps.

One example of a pyrolysis zone 214 configured to operate with asequential heating process as described above is illustrated in FIG. 2.FIGS. 3a-3c illustrate the overall cycle time of each crucible 250 a-lshown in the system depicted in FIG. 2. Turning initially to FIG. 2,pyrolysis system 214, which could be utilized in pyrolysis zone 14 offacility 10 shown in FIG. 1, is illustrated as generally including fourpyrolysis furnaces, shown in FIG. 2 as Furnace A, B, C, and D, that eachinclude three individual heating zones, labeled with numerals 201-212.Each individual heating zone 201-212 of Furnaces A, B, C, and D isconfigured to receive one of a plurality of crucibles, shown ascrucibles 250 a-l in FIG. 2. It should be understood that pyrolysissystem 214 may include any suitable number of additional crucibles (notshown) that may be loaded, cooled, cleaned, repaired, or otherwiseprocessed or stored while crucibles 250 a-l are being utilized inpyrolysis zone 214.

FIGS. 3a-c provide a graphical depiction of a sequential batch heatingprocess suitable for use with Furnaces A, B, C, and D of pyrolysissystem 214 shown in FIG. 2. The horizontal rows in the Table provided inFIGS. 3a-c summarize the status of the crucible in each heating 201-212over a 24-hour period, when Furnaces A, B, C, and D are operated using asequential heating process. Each of FIGS. 3a-c respectively depictseight hours of the total cycle. Different overall cycle times ordifferent durations for one or more of the individual preheating,heating, holding, cooling, and transfer stages may be used while stillfollowing similar patterns as laid out in FIGS. 3a -c.

Turning initially to FIG. 3a , a first crucible at least partiallyfilled with a first quantity of pyrolyzable material, such as, forexample, a rubber-containing material, may be loaded into heating zone201 of Furnace A and preheated to initiate the entire pyrolysis cycle(at t=0). After completion of the preheating stage shown in FIG. 3a (att=60 minutes), the temperature in heating zone 201 may be increased inorder to pyrolyze at least a portion, or substantially all, of thepyrolyzable material within the first crucible. The pyrolysis step maybe performed for any suitable period of time, such as, for example, aperiod of time within one or more of the ranges as described above, andupon its completion, the sealed crucible may be exposed to anautothermal pyrolysis, or “hold” period, in which the pyrolysis of thematerial within the first crucible is permitted to continue in theabsence of addition of heat. In the example depicted in FIG. 3a , thepyrolysis period for the first crucible in heating zone 201 of Furnace Aends after about 2.5 hours (at t=210 minutes), and the subsequent holdperiod ends after about 1 hour (at t=270 minutes).

Upon completion of the hold period, the crucible in first heating zone201 may be permitted to cool for a period of about 1 hour (at t=330minutes) before being transferred out of heating zone 201 (at t=360minutes). Subsequent to the removal of the first crucible from heatingzone 201 of Furnace A, another crucible (not shown), at least partiallyfilled with a pyrolyzable material may be loaded into heating zone 201of Furnace A (at t=375 minutes) and may proceed through the entire cycleas described above. Typically, the crucible loaded into heating zone 201to begin a heating cycle may be different than the crucible unloaded atthe end of the previous cycle.

As shown in FIG. 3a , at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, at least seven, or at least ten or more othercrucibles may undergo similar heating cycles in one or more furnaces ofpyrolysis system 214. When multiple heating cycles are performed at thesame time, two or more of the cycles may be staggered relative to oneanother, such that crucibles in different heating zones are undergoingdifferent portions of the cycle at the same time. For example, as shownin FIG. 3a , during the preheating of the first crucible in heating zone201 (at t=30 minutes), a second crucible, at least partially filled withanother quantity of pyrolyzable material, can be loaded into heatingzone 204 of Furnace B and may then be preheated. Once the first cruciblehas been preheated to a desired pre-heat temperature (at t=60 minutes),that crucible can be further heated to a pyrolysis temperature in orderto pyrolyze the quantity of pyrolyzable material therein.

At the same time, as shown in FIG. 3a , a third crucible, including yetanother quantity of pyrolyzable material, can be loaded into heatingzone 207 of Furnace C. When the second crucible in heating zone 204 ofFurnace B has been preheated for a predetermined amount of time (at t=90minutes), the second crucible may then be further heated to a pyrolysistemperature, while the third crucible in heating zone 207 is beingpreheated. At the same time (t=90 minutes), a fourth crucible, at leastpartially filled with still another quantity of pyrolyzable material,may be loaded into heating zone 210 of Furnace D, wherein it may also bepreheated as shown in FIG. 3 a.

The first four crucibles located in heating zones 201, 204, 207, and 210of respective Furnaces A through D may then continue through the cycleas outlined in FIGS. 3a-c , while additional crucibles can be loadedinto heating zones 202, 205, 208, 211, 203, 206, 209, and 212 ofFurnaces A through D, and may be, respectively, preheated, pyrolyzed,subjected to a hold period, cooled, and unloaded, as described above.Thereafter, other crucibles may be loaded into the heating zones201-212, and the cycle may be repeated, as also shown in FIGS. 3a-c .The relative status of the crucibles in two or more heating zones at agiven time can be determined by drawing a vertical line from a specifictime through one or more rows representing the heating zones, andcomparing the status of each heating zone intersected by the line.

When pyrolysis system 214 is operated with a sequential heating processas described herein, one or more of the crucibles in each furnace may bea different point in the pyrolysis cycle, or may have a differentstatus, than one or more other crucibles disposed in the same, ordifferent, furnaces. For example, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 a, at thetime indicated by line 300 in FIG. 3a (t=420 minutes), crucible 250 adisposed in heating zone 201 of Furnace A may be preheating, whilecrucible 250 b, disposed in adjacent heating zone 202 of Furnace A, maybe cooling, as generally shown by the shading of each of crucibles 250shown in FIG. 2 and the shading in each corresponding row of the Tableprovided in FIG. 3a . As also shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 a, at the same time(t=420 minutes), crucible 250 c may be heating under conditionssufficient to pyrolyze the material disposed therein in heating zone 203of Furnace A.

Similarly, at the same time crucibles 250 a-c are preheating, cooling,and being heated under pyrolysis conditions, respectively, in Furnace A,crucibles 250 d-f may be preheating, holding, and heating in respectiveheating zones 204-206 of Furnace B. In some cases, at least one cruciblemay be in the process of being transferred into or out of a heating zonewhile one or more other crucibles are being processed, as shown byFurnace C in FIG. 2. In Furnace D, crucible 250 j can be cooling inheating zone 210, while one or both of crucibles 250 k and 250 l may besubjected to pyrolysis in heating zones 211 and 212.

In some cases, one or more crucibles 250 a-l may be undergoing a similarprocessing step at a given time, although neither crucible may be at theexact same point of its overall cycle as the other. For example,crucibles 250 k and 250 l are shown in FIG. 2 as each undergoingpyrolysis, although, as shown in the example depicted in FIG. 3a ,crucible 250 k can be further along in its pyrolysis stage than crucible250 l.

Although shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 a-c as having four furnaces with threeheating zones each, cases exist in which pyrolysis zone 214 employs moreor fewer furnaces each having more or fewer heating zones. Operation ofsuch systems would be similar to the operation of pyrolysis system 214described previously, but adjusted to accommodate the exact number offurnaces and heating zones. By following the cycle times and sequence asshown in FIGS. 3a-c , the pyrolysis system 214 depicted in FIG. 2 couldprocess 48 crucibles in a 24 hour period, while providing continuous andgenerally steady flow of hydrocarbon vapor to the downstream separationzone (not shown in FIG. 2). In some cases, the pyrolysis system 214depicted in FIG. 2, or a similar system, may be configured and operatedto process at least 25, at least 35, at least 45, at least 50 or morecrucibles in a 24-hour period.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the hydrocarbon vapor withdrawn from thecrucibles during pyrolysis in pyrolysis zone 14 may be collected in oneor more collection headers and passed to a separation zone 16, asdiscussed previously. Separation zone 16 can include any steps orequipment needed to process the pyrolysis vapor and provide desirablepyrolysis product streams. For example, separation zone 16 may includeone or more cooling and/or separation stages suitable for condensing andseparating at least a portion of the heavier hydrocarbon components fromthe pyrolysis vapor stream to thereby form a pyrolysis gas, or “pygas,”stream in line 118 and at least one pyrolysis oil stream in line 120.

Turning to FIG. 4, one example of a pyrolysis zone 414 and a downstreamseparation zone 416 are shown. As shown in FIG. 4, pyrolysis zone 414includes two pyrolysis furnaces 410 and 412, which each include threeindividual heating zones 411 a-c and 413 a-c. The pyrolysis vapor phasewithdrawn from each of the crucibles disposed in individual heatingzones 411 a-c and 413 a-c can be collected in a single manifold, orcollection header, 450 before being introduced into separation zone 416.Optionally, collection header 450 may be an insulated collection headerthat does not permit condensation of pyrolysis vapor as the vaportravels from furnaces 410 and 412 to separation zone 416. Although shownin FIG. 4 as including two furnaces, as discussed above, pyrolysis zone414 may include a single furnace, or may include three or more furnaces,each configured to provide pyrolysis vapor to separation zone 416.Further, although shown as including a single separation zone 416, theportion of the pyrolysis system shown in FIG. 4 may also include two ormore separation zones, each optionally configured to handle pyrolysisvapor from one furnace or from two or more furnaces present in pyrolysiszone 414. For example, in some cases, pyrolysis zone 414 may includefour pyrolysis furnaces each feeding a single separation zone, or it mayinclude two or more separation zones, which are each configured toreceive vapor from two or more furnaces (not shown).

As shown in FIG. 4, separation zone 416 can include a vapor-liquidseparation vessel 430 and a pair of coolers 432 and 434. The hydrocarbonvapor collected in collection header 450 may be introduced intoseparator 430, wherein it can be separated into a vapor-phase overheadstream in line 452 and a liquid bottoms stream in line 454. As shown inFIG. 4, the vapor-phase overhead stream in line 452 withdrawn fromseparator 430 can be sequentially cooled and at least partiallycondensed in coolers 432 and 434. The condensed portion of the streamremoved from coolers 432 and 434 in respective lines 456 a and 456 b,can optionally be combined with the bottoms liquid product streamwithdrawn from separator 430 in line 454 to form a stream of liquidpyrolysis oil. Alternatively, one or more of the liquid bottoms streamin line 454, the liquid from condenser 432 in line 465 a, and the liquidfrom condenser 434 in line 456 b may not be combined, as shown in FIG.4, but may be separately recovered from separation zone 416 as anindividual product stream. The uncondensed hydrocarbon vapor withdrawnfrom cooler 434 may be passed through a knockout pot and filter (notshown) before being withdrawn from separation zone 16 as a pyrolysis gasproduct stream. Optionally, all or a portion of the pyrolysis oilrecovered from separation zone 416 may be sent to a downstreamseparation unit or zone (not shown) for further separation or otherprocessing prior to its storage, transportation, use, and/or sale.

Separator 430 may be any suitable type of vapor-liquid separator and, insome cases, may employ an internal liquid stream for contacting at leasta portion of the pyrolysis vapor within the separator in order tofacilitate direct heat and mass transfer between the two phases. In theexample shown in FIG. 4, separator 430 is a scrubber column that employsa portion of the bottom liquid stream in line 458 to contact theascending vapor at one or more points in the column. Separator 430 mayoptionally include internals, such as trays, structured packing and/orrandom packing, or it may be substantially empty. Separator 430 may beoperated under any temperature and/or pressure suitable to perform thedesired separation.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the pyrolysis oil withdrawn from separationzone 16 in line 120 may optionally be passed to another separation zone26 for additional separation and/or further treatment. For example, inseparation zone 26, the pyrolysis oil may be further separated in one ormore vapor-liquid separation columns, including scrubbers and/ordistillation columns, in order to provide additional liquid productstreams. Examples of additional liquid products that can be produced byfurther separation of pyrolysis oil can include, but are not limited to,light naphtha, heavy naphtha, gasoline-range oil, diesel-range oil, orheavier liquid residue oils. One or more of these product streams may beoptionally stored before being otherwise used or sold.

As shown in FIG. 1, at least a portion, or all, of the pygas streamwithdrawn from separation zone 16 in line 118 may be used as fuel forone or more furnaces (not shown in FIG. 1) in pyrolysis zone 14. Whenreused as fuel gas, the pygas stream may pass through one or morecompressors (not shown) prior to entering pyrolysis zone 14. In additionto the pygas, the pyrolysis zone 14 may also utilize natural gas orother gas fuel source and, optionally, may be configured to utilize aliquid fuel. In some cases, the pyrolysis furnaces in pyrolysis zone 14may be configured to utilize only gas fuel and can be configured to burnboth pygas and natural gas, separately or in combination. When pygas isused as a fuel, it may be used in a volume sufficient to provide atleast about 30 percent, at least about 35 percent, at least about 40percent, at least about 45 percent, at least about 50 percent, or atleast about 55 percent of the total energy requirement for operating thepyrolysis furnaces. In some cases, this may require use of at leastabout 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, or atleast about 95, or substantially all of the pygas produced fromseparation zone 16 as fuel. Any pygas not utilized as fuel in pyrolysiszone 14 may optionally be stored before being otherwise used or sold.

Turning again to the pyrolysis zone 14 shown in FIG. 1, crucibles thathave completed the full pyrolysis cycle as described above can betransferred out of the furnace and into a cooling and holding zone 28,as shown in FIG. 1. The transfer device used to transport the cruciblescan be any suitable device and may, for example, be the same overheadcrane lift or other device used to load the crucibles into the furnace.A forklift with gripping arms or other similar transfer device may alsobe used. Once transported to cooling and holding zone 28, the sealedcrucibles may be permitted to cool to a temperature of not more thanabout 300° F., not more than about 250° F., not more than about 200° F.,or not more than about 150° F., at which point the cover of the cruciblecan be removed without combustion of the carbonaceous material therein.Overall, the cooling time of a single crucible in cooling and holdingzone 28 can be at least about 6 hours, at least about 8 hours, at leastabout 10 hours, or at least about 12 hours and/or not more than about 20hours, not more than about 18 hours, not more than about 16 hours, ornot more than about 14 hours.

Once cooled, the cover of the crucible can be loosened and removed afterthe internal pressure of the crucible is vented. The cover may beremoved by, for example, unbolting it from the crucible and removing thecover via a transfer device such as an overhead crane lift system. Insome cases, the lift system can be the same system used in securing thecover onto the crucible and in loading and/or unloading the sealedcrucibles into and out of the furnace. The cover can be removed,cleaned, repaired as needed, and stored for subsequent reuse.

The unlidded crucible may then be transported to solids processing zone18, as shown by line 124 in FIG. 1, via forklift equipped with ahydraulic rotator, or other similar device. In solids processing zone18, the residual pyrolysis solids can be removed from the crucible in asolids transfer, or “dumping,” zone 30 before being further cooled incooling zone 32. The resulting cooled solid material may then beseparated into its various component parts in solid separation zone 34,and one or more of the resulting separated materials may be packaged orloaded into storage containers in a loading zone 36 before beingtransported out of facility 10 for further use, sale, and/or recycle.

Prior to transporting the crucible to solids processing zone 18, thesolid contents of the crucible may be visually inspected, or otherwisetested. Visual inspections may evaluate the pyrolysis solids for signsof unfinished pyrolysis, such as, for example, large unpyrolyzed tirepieces or a clumpy or sticky consistency of the solid material.Additional tests may also be used to determine the value for one or moreproperties of the pyrolysis solids, and, if outside a predeterminedrange for that value, the crucible and its contents may be returned tofilling zone 22, as shown by the dashed line 130 in FIG. 1.

Unlike systems that utilize a continuous pyrolysis process, which cannotprocess recycled pyrolysis solids, pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1may receive and heat rubber-containing material found to be not fullypyrolyzed after a heating cycle. In some cases, the recycled, at leastpartially unpyrolyzed material may be directly returned and re-pyrolyzedin the same crucible, while, in other cases, the unpyrolyzedrubber-containing material may be transferred to another crucible forsubsequent heating. Optionally, the returned pyrolysis solids may becombined, in the same or a different crucible, with freshrubber-containing material, or “fresh feed,” and/or with at leastpartially unpyrolyzed rubber-containing material from one or more otherbatches of returned pyrolysis solids before being heated again inpyrolysis zone 14.

In some cases, at least about 40 percent, at least about 50 percent, atleast about 60 percent, at least about 70 percent, at least about 80percent, at least about 90 percent, or at least about 95 percent of thetotal weight of pyrolysis solids in one or more crucibles, can bereturned to pyrolysis zone 14 for further heating. Or, in other cases,all of the pyrolysis solids may be returned to pyrolysis zone 14 forfurther heating. In other cases, only a portion of the pyrolysis solids,such as, for example, less than about 40 percent, less than about 30percent, less than about 25 percent, less than about 20 percent, lessthan about 15 percent, less than about 10 percent, or less than about 5percent of the total weight of pyrolysis solids may be returned topyrolysis zone 14 for further heating. Of the returned pyrolysis solids,at least about 10 percent, at least about 20 percent, at least about 30percent, at least about 40 percent, at least about 50 percent, at leastabout 60 percent, at least about 70 percent, or at least about 80percent can be unpyrolyzed rubber-containing material, with theremaining solids being carbon black or other pyrolyzable orunpyrolyzable materials.

As discussed above, the pyrolysis solids returned to pyrolysis zone 14may be subjected to a further pyrolysis step in the same crucible, or adifferent crucible than the one in which the solids were initiallyheated, and may optionally be combined with fresh rubber-containingmaterial and/or other quantities of returned pyrolysis solids to form apyrolyzable mixture. In some cases, at least about 5 weight percent, atleast about 10 weight percent, at least about 20 weight percent, atleast about 30 weight percent, at least about 40 weight percent, atleast about 50 weight percent, at least about 60 weight percent, atleast about 70 weight percent, or at least about 80 weight percent ofthe pyrolyzable mixture may comprise returned pyrolysis solids from oneor more crucibles. In other cases, less than about 20 weight percent,less than about 15 weight percent, less than about 10 weight percent, orless than about 5 weight percent of the pyrolyzable mixture may comprisefresh rubber-containing material.

In some cases, the weight of the returned pyrolysis solids in thepyrolyzable mixture, as compared to the weight of the freshrubber-containing material, can be at least about 5 percent, at leastabout 10 percent, at least about 15 percent, at least about 20 percent,at least about 25 percent, at least about 30 percent, at least about 40percent, at least about 50 percent, at least about 60 percent, or atleast about 75 percent greater (if the weight of returned pyrolysissolids is higher than the weight of fresh rubber-containing material inthe pyrolyzable mixture) or less (if the weight of the returnedpyrolysis solids is lower than the weight of fresh rubber-containingmaterial in the pyrolyzable mixture), based on the total weight of thefresh rubber-containing material. That is, the value of the followingequation can be within one or more of the ranges above: (weight ofreturned pyrolysis solids−weight of fresh rubber-containingmaterial)/(weight of fresh rubber-containing material), expressed as apercent.

After the initial pyrolysis of a rubber-containing material, thedetermination of whether or not all or a portion of the pyrolysis solidsrequire further processing may be made by measuring at least oneproperty of the pyrolysis solids, comparing the measured value of theproperty to a target value for that property to determine a difference,and, based on that difference, returning all or a portion of thepyrolysis solids to pyrolysis zone 14 for further processing. The targetvalue with which the measured value is compared may be a minimum targetvalue, a maximum target value, or a range of values that includes alower end point value and an upper end point value. If the differencebetween the measured value and the target value is greater than apredetermined amount, such as, for example, 2 percent, 5 percent, or 10percent, based on the target value, then at least a portion of thepyrolysis solids may be returned to the pyrolysis zone for reprocessing.For example, if the property being measured was iodine number, thetarget value was minimum iodine number of 120 g/kg, and thepredetermined amount was 2 percent, a batch of pyrolysis solids having ameasured value for iodine number of 114 g/kg or less would be returnedto the pyrolysis zone for further processing. In the above example, aniodine number of 114 g/kg is 2 percent lower than the minimum iodinenumber of 120 g/kg (e.g., 120 g/kg×0.02=6 g/kg and 120 g/kg−6 g/kg=114g/kg) and, therefore, any batches of pyrolysis solids having an iodinenumber of 114 or less would be returned for further pyrolysis.

Examples of other properties of the pyrolysis solids that may bemeasured in order to determine whether or not to return all, or aportion, of the pyrolysis solids to pyrolysis zone 14 can include, butare not limited to, those described in ASTM D1765-14, “StandardClassification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products,” whichis incorporated herein by reference. More particularly, in some cases,the property of the pyrolysis solids used to determine whether or notall or a portion of the solids are returned can be selected from thegroup consisting of nitrogen surface area (ASTM D-6556), oil absorptionnumber (ASTM D-3493), iodine absorption number (ASTM D-1510), ashcontent (ASTM D-1506), heat loss (ASTM D-1509), tint strength (ASTMD-3265), pour density (ASTM D-1513), sieve residue (ASTM D-1514),toluene discoloration (ASTM D-1618), fines content (ASTM D-1508), deltamodules (ASTM D-3192), and combinations thereof.

The step of measuring a property of the pyrolysis solids can be donevisually, manually, or using an automatic sampling or testing system. Insome cases, the measuring step can include measuring at least one valuefor two or more different properties, or it may include measuring morethan one value for a single property. In the former case, the values canbe compared to a target value for each property to determine adifference for each property, and, in the latter case, the each of thevalues can be compared with a target value for that property todetermine two or more differences. In either case, if one or more of thedifferences (or, if multiple differences are measured, the average ofall of the differences determined) is greater than a predeterminedamount, such as, for example, at least 2 percent of the target value,then all or a portion of the pyrolysis solids may be returned to thepyrolysis zone for further heating as described above.

Turning now to FIG. 5, one example of a solids processing system 518 isprovided. Solids processing system 518 is illustrated as including adumping zone 530, a hopper 531, a transfer device 533, a cooling zone532, a solid separation zone 534, and a carbon black loading zone 536.As shown in FIG. 5, once transported to dumping zone 530, a crucible 550may be inverted to that its contents can be dumped into hopper 531. Whenthe feedstock pyrolyzed in the upstream pyrolysis zone includes arubber-containing material, such as tires, the residual solid materialcan include granular carbonaceous material, or “carbon black,” alongwith residual steel wires and other metallic or otherwisenon-pyrolyzable components. In some cases, when the pyrolysis zone (notshown) is configured to process two or more crucibles simultaneously,the emptying of individual crucibles into hopper 531 may be staggered inorder to provide a steady flow of solid material into solids processingsystem 518. Solids processing system 518 can be operated in a batch,semi-batch, or semi-continuous manner.

The residual solid material dumped from the crucible into the hopper 531may be metered and transferred to cooling zone 532, via a transferdevice 533, shown in FIG. 5 as a conveyor. The transfer device 533 mayinclude, for example, a vibrating conveyor or other similar device,and/or having a variable frequency drive to control the speed and anamplitude adjustment to control the vibration level. In order to controlthe flow of solids into cooling zone 532, transfer device 533 may beconfigured to deliver the contents of a crucible, or the entire hopper,over a predetermined period of time. For example, transfer device 533may be operated to transport the solid contents of one crucible tocooling zone 532 over a period of at least about 10 minutes, at leastabout 15 minutes, at least about 20 minutes and/or not more than about45 minutes, not more than about 40 minutes, not more than about 35minutes, or not more than about 30 minutes. In so doing, the flow ofsolid material to cooling zone 532 may be steady and nearly continuous.

In cooling zone 532, the residual solid material may be further cooledby any suitable device. In cooling zone 532, the temperature of thesolids may be reduced to not more than 120° F., not more than about 110°F., not more than 100° F., or not more than 75° F. In some cases, afluidized bed cooler may be used in cooling zone 32 and may beconfigured to pass a stream of air or other gas, such as nitrogen, overthe solid material as it passes through fluidized bed cooler 532. Theair may be passed perpendicular to, or parallel but counter-current to,the material passing through cooling zone 532. The resulting cooledmaterial exiting cooling zone 532 may be transported via transfer device533 into an inlet of solid separation zone 534, as shown in FIG. 5.

Solid separation zone 534 may include any equipment or process suitablefor separating out various components of the residual solid materialtransported from cooling zone 32. When the residual solid materialincludes pyrolysis solids, solid separation zone 34 may be configured toseparate carbon black from the metallic elements, such as steel wire. Insuch a case, separation zone 34 may include a vibrating separator forsifting the carbon black powder from the metal pieces, followed by, forexample, an inclined conveyor belt equipped with one or more magneticelements, such as, for example, a magnetic head pulley, for separatingthe rest of the metal. The metal elements collected from the separatorand conveyor belt may be removed from solid separation zone 534 as shownby line 542 and optionally stored prior to further use, recycle, orsale.

The cooled, screened carbon black material from solid separation zone534 may be passed to a carbon black loading zone 536 as shown by line544, wherein the material may be loaded into one or more storagecontainers for further use, storage, and/or sale. Optionally, prior toloading the carbon black, at least a portion of the material may beground in a grinding zone (not shown) to provide particles of smallerand/or more consistent particle size. In addition, or the alternative,the carbon black may be subjected to one or more additional chemicaland/or physical treatment steps before being introduced into loadingzone 536.

In some cases, loading zone 536 may include a surge hopper (not shown)to provide sufficient time for loading and unloading storage containersin loading zone 536. Examples of suitable storage containers caninclude, but are not limited to, drums, totes, bags, sacks, supersacks,or combinations thereof. Optionally, the carbon black can be loaded intoa tared storage container while disposed on a scale in order to providea loaded container having a desired weight. The total weight of theloaded storage containers can be at least about 5 pounds, at least about10 pounds, at least about 20 pounds, at least about 50 pounds, at leastabout 100 pounds, at least about 150 pounds, at least about 200 pounds,at least about 250 pounds, at least about 400 pounds, at least about 500pounds, at least about 750 pounds, or at least about 1000 pounds.Samples of the material may be removed from the loaded containers foranalysis of the product prior to being transported from the facility forfurther processing, storage, use, and/or sale.

During one or more steps of the process conducted in solids processingzone 18 of pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1, at least a portion ofthe pyrolysis solids may be dispersed or emitted into the surroundingenvironment during processing. More particularly, at least a portion ofthe carbon black fines or other material may be emitted during thesurrounding environment during at least a portion of the dumping,cooling, separating, and/or loading of pyrolysis solids described indetail previously. As used herein, the term “fines” refers to particleshaving an average size of 150 microns or less. In some cases, however,at least a portion of the carbon black fines may be smaller. Forexample, at least about 50 weight percent, at least about 60 weightpercent, at least about 70 weight percent, at least about 75 weightpercent, at least about 85 weight percent, or at least about 90 weightpercent of a sample of carbon black fines can have an average particlesize of less than 100 microns. In some cases, at least 50 weight percentof a sample of carbon black fines can have an average particle size lessthan about 95 microns, less than about 85 microns, less than about 75microns, less than about 65 microns, or less than about 50 microns.

To capture and remove at least a portion of the fines from theenvironment, pyrolysis facility 10 and, more specifically, solidsprocessing zone 18, shown in FIG. 1 may further include a dustcollection, or fines capturing, system for capturing at least a portionof the airborne carbon black fines generated during the dumping,cooling, separating, and/or loading steps. One or more dust collectionzones, independently or collectively operated as a dust collection orfines capturing system, may be configured to remove at least a portion,or all, of the airborne carbon black fines to provide a substantiallydust-free environment. Upon capture by and collection in the dustcollection system, at least a portion of the carbon black fines may beloaded into one or more storage containers, either in combination withor in addition to, the carbon black being loaded into storage containersin loading zone 36, whereupon the collected fines may be furtherprocessed, disposed of, stored, and/or sold.

The specific configuration of the dust collection system utilized insolid processing zone 18 of pyrolysis facility 10 may vary, depending onthe specific location or locations within solids processing zone 18 inwhich it is used. In some cases, the dust collection system may bepresent in or around one or more of solids transfer zone 30, coolingzone 32, separation zone 34, and loading zone 36. Any suitable equipmentconfigured to capture and remove at least a portion of the carbon black,or other fines, from the surrounding environment may be used.

One example of a dust collection system 650 is illustrated in FIG. 6.The exemplary dust collection system 650 depicted in FIG. 6 can beconfigured to capture at least a portion of the carbon black, or othertype of, fines emitted from one or more steps performed in a solidsprocessing zone 618. Dust collection system 650 of solids processingzone 618 depicted in FIG. 6, is one example of dust collection systemthat may be utilized in, for example, solids processing zone 18 ofpyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 6, solidsprocessing zone 618 includes a solids transfer zone 630, a solidscooling zone 632, a solids separation zone 634, and a loading zone 636.Optionally, solids processing zone 618 may also include a grinding zone(not shown) for reducing the particle size of the carbon black materialafter separation but before loading. The operation of zones solidstransfer zone 630, cooling zone 632, separation zone 634, and loadingzone 636 of solids processing zone 618 shown in FIG. 6, are similar tothose analogously numbered components described above with respect toFIGS. 1 and 5.

In the exemplary solids processing system 618 shown in FIG. 6, solidscooling zone 632 comprises a fluidized bed cooler 633, and solidsseparation zone 634 includes a screen separator 635 for separatingcarbon black from metallic components as well as a belt conveyor 637including a magnetized element (not shown) for removing any residualmetallic elements from the carbon black prior to its introduction intoloading zone 636. Other cooling and/or separating devices may beutilized in solids cooling zone 632 and/or solids separation zone 634without departing from the present invention.

The exemplary dust collection system 650 depicted in FIG. 6 includes afirst dust collection zone 652, a second dust collection zone 654, athird dust collection zone 656, and a fourth dust collection zone 658,each configured to capture at least a portion of the carbon black finesemitted from one or more process areas of solids processing zone 618.More particularly, as shown in the exemplary system depicted in FIG. 6,the first, second, third, and fourth dust collection zones 652, 654,656, and 658 are respectively configured to capture at least a portionof the carbon black fines emitted within solids transfer zone 630,solids cooling zone 632, solids separation zone 634, and loading zone636. Optionally, dust collection system 650 may include a fifth dustcollection zone (not shown) configured to capture at least a portion ofthe carbon black fines emitted from a grinding zone, when present. Otherconfigurations may also be suitable, and can, for example, include twoor more of the individual dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and 658merged into a single, larger dust collection zone capable of collectingat least a portion of the carbon black fines emitted from two or moreprocess areas of solids processing zone 618 simultaneously. Each of dustcollection zones 652, 654, 656, and 658 may be operated independently,or two or more may be operated collectively.

Any suitable type of dust collection device may be used and the specificdust collection device utilized in one or more of dust collection zones652, 654, 656, and 658 may the same or different than one or more of theother dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and 658. In some cases, oneor more of dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and 658 may include ahood, examples of which are schematically shown as hoods 653 a-653 d inFIG. 6, and, optionally, an enclosure, shown schematically as enclosures655 a-d in FIG. 6. The hood can be any suitable type of device for atleast partially isolating a portion of the process area, while beingconfigured to receive and remove a stream of gas and particles from thearea. Examples of suitable enclosures include, but are not limited to,walls, screens, buildings, curtains such as plastic curtains, and thelike. In some cases, enclosures 655 a-c may encompass at least 1, atleast 2, at least 3, or all 4 sides of a portion, or all, of aprocessing area. When both are present, the enclosure may be in contactwith, or proximate to, its respective hood, as shown by the exemplaryhoods 653 a, 653 c, and 653 d and enclosures 655 a, 655 c, and 655 d inFIG. 6, or, in some cases, the enclosure may be integral with all, or aportion of, the hood, as shown by hood 653 b and enclosure 655 billustrated in FIG. 6. In some cases, all or a portion of the loadingequipment present in loading zone 636, such as, for example, the loadingline between the hopper 612 and the storage container 614 (not shown),may be at least partially enclosed with one or more dust evacuationconduits for removing emitted carbon black particles from loading zone636.

In some cases, one or more of dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and658 may utilize a stream of pressurized fluid, such as air or nitrogen,passed through the enclosure 655 a-d in order to capture, viaentrainment, at least a portion of the carbon black fines emitted intothe surrounding environment. The pressurized fluid may be a gas, such asnitrogen or air, discharged from a compressor or other pressurizationdevice (not shown) and through the enclosure, or it may be a stream ofwater or other suitable liquid used to dis-entrain at least a portion ofthe carbon black fines in the surrounding environment. In some cases,one or more of dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and 658 may includea vacuum pump (not shown) for creating a region of sub-atmosphericpressure within the dust collection zone 652, 654, 656, or 658, therebyremoving a portion of the particulate-laden air surrounding theequipment in the process zone. Upon removal from the enclosure and/orhood, the stream of fluid may be passed through at least one filterdevice configured for removing the captured particles from the fluidstream. In some cases, each of dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and658 may have its own filter device, as shown by filter devices 667 a-din FIG. 6, or, each of dust collection zones 652, 654, 656, and 658 mayshare a common filter device, illustrated as filter device 680 shown inFIG. 6. In some cases, two or more dust collection zones 652, 654, 656,and 658 may share a filter device, while one or more dust collectionszones 652, 654, 656, and 658 may have its own filter device.

Any suitable type of filter device can be used, including, but notlimited to, cartridge filters, bag filters, basket filters,electrostatic precipitators, and combinations thereof. Although shown inFIG. 6 as including a single unit, each of filter devices 667 a-d orfilter device 680 may include two or more filter devices arranged inparallel or in series. Each of filter devices 667 a-d or filter device680 may be configured to separate particles having an average particlesize of less than about 150 microns, less than about 100 microns, lessthan about 75 microns, or less than about 50 microns. The overallseparation efficiency of one or more of filtration devices 667 a-d or680 may be at least about 50 percent, at least about 60 percent, atleast about 70 percent, at least about 75 percent, at least about 80percent, at least about 85 percent, at least about 90 percent, or atleast about 95 percent. The overall separation efficiency of one or moreof filter devices 667 a-d or 680 may be defined by the followingequation: (mass of solid particles in filter effluent−mass of solidparticles in filter feed)/(mass of solid particles in filter feed),expressed as a percent.

As shown by lines 682 a-d and line 684 in FIG. 6, the captured carbonblack fines separated from the gas stream in each of filter devices 667a-d and 680, respectively, can be transported to loading zone 636,wherein the fines may be loaded into a storage container via line 686 aor may be combined with the carbon black product as it is loaded intoone or more storage containers via line 686 b. When combined with acarbon black product, less than about 15, less than about 12, less thanabout 10, less than about 8, less than about 7, less than about 5, orless than about 2 weight percent of the total carbon black product inthe storage container 614 may comprise carbon black fines, captured bydust collection system 650 and routed to loading zone 636 as describedabove. On average, the dust collection system or systems utilized bypyrolysis facility 10 can be configured to collect at least 0.10 pounds,at least 0.25 pounds, at least 0.5 pounds, at least 1 pound, at least1.5 pounds, or at least 2 pounds, at least 5 pounds, or at least 10pounds of carbon black fines per day, averaged over a 30-day period.

Overall, pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1 can have an average dailyfeed rate, measured and averaged over a 30-day period, of at least about10 tons per day, at least about 12 tons per day, at least about 15 tonsper day, at least about 17 tons per day, or at least about 20 tons perday. That is, pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1 may be capable ofprocessing at least about 10 tons per day, at least about 12 tons perday, at least about 15 tons per day, at least about 17 tons per day, orat least about 20 tons per day of feed, averaged over a 30-day period.To achieve this rate, pyrolysis facility 10 can employ any number ofcrucibles and may, for example, employ at least about 4 crucibles, atleast 5 crucibles, at least 10 crucibles, at least 15 crucibles, atleast 20 crucibles, or at least 25 crucibles, or more.

The specific amount of at least one, or each, type of product, includingpygas, pyrolysis oil, carbon black, and metallic elements, may beadjustable and can depend, for example, on the type of feedstock and theoperating conditions within the facility. As used herein, the term“daily production rate” refers to the mass or volume of a given productproduced per day within the facility, averaged over a 30-day period,while the “per-batch production rate,” refers to the mass or volume of agiven product produced per batch (or, in some cases, per crucible),averaged over the total batches in a 1-week period. As used herein, theterm “percent yield” of a given product refers to the weight percent ofa given product in a specific batch divided by the total weight of feedfor that batch, expressed as a percent.

Some exemplary broad, intermediate, and narrow ranges for the possibledaily production rate, per-batch production rate, and percent yield foreach of the products produced by pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1are provided in Tables 1-3, below. Although shown in Tables 1-3 below asranges, it should be understood that the average daily production ratesshown in this table may be expressed as minimum or maximum values, usingonly the upper or lower endpoints of one or more ranges shown below. Forexample, as shown in Table 1 below, in some cases, pyrolysis facilitiesof the present invention may have a pyrolysis gas average dailyproduction rate of not more than 130,000 cubic feet per day, while, inthe same or other cases, a pyrolysis facility configured as describedherein may have an average per-batch production rate of at least 50pounds of metallic elements. Other ranges are also possible withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. Additionally, oneexample of a possible yield curve, showing the percent yield ofpyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and carbon black as a function ofpyrolysis temperature, is shown in FIG. 7.

TABLE 1 Ranges for Average Daily Production Rate Product (rate) BroadIntermediate Narrow Pyrolysis gas (cubic feet/day) 10,000-350,00025,000-150,000  70,000-130,000 Pyrolysis Oil (lbs/day) 2,500-80,0005,000-50,000 10,000-25,000 Carbon Black (lbs/day)  2,500-100,0005,000-50,00  10,000-35,000 Metal Elements (lbs/day)  500-15,0001,000-10,000 1,500-5,000

TABLE 2 Ranges for Average Per-Batch Production Product (in lbs) BroadIntermediate Narrow Pygas  75-125  80-110  85-100 Pyrolysis Oil 175-400200-350 225-325 Carbon Black 200-500 250-450 275-375 Metal Elements40-80 50-75 55-70

TABLE 3 Ranges for Average Percent Product Split Product (wt %) BroadIntermediate Narrow Pygas 5-25 10-20 10-15 Pyrolysis Oil 5-60 10-5025-45 Carbon Black 10-70  20-60 35-55 Metal Elements 1-15  2-10  5-10

In some cases, one or more operating parameters of pyrolysis facility 10may be selectively varied in order to influence the type, quality,and/or amount of one or more products being produced. For example, insome cases, the specific pyrolysis time and/or temperature may beadjusted for a specific feedstock in order to achieve a desired percentyield or production rate for one or more products, or to provide aproduct having a certain property. Because the type of feedstockintroduced into pyrolysis facility 10 may vary widely in some cases, itmay be useful to develop predetermined operating profiles for variousfeedstocks that provide target values, or ranges of target values, forkey operating parameters that, when employed, provide one or moreproducts having desirable properties.

The predetermined operating profiles may include prescribed values, orrange of values, for at least one operating parameter associated withthe pyrolysis step, or with the recovery of one or more products fromthe pyrolysis vapor or pyrolysis solids. In some cases, the operatingprofile can include target values for at least two, at least three, orfour or more operating parameters. Examples of suitable operatingparameters can include, but are not limited to, preheating temperatureas a function of time, pyrolysis temperature as a function of time,maximum preheating temperature, minimum pyrolysis temperature, maximumpyrolysis temperature, preheating time, pyrolysis time, maximum holdtemperature, hold time, maximum cooling temperature, cooling time,pyrolysis pressure, and pyrolysis oxygen content. Other examples caninclude, but are not limited to, pyrolysis vapor scrubber overheadtemperature, pyrolysis vapor scrubber overhead pressure, pyrolysis vaporscrubber liquid rate, pyrolysis vapor scrubber liquid temperature,pyrolysis splitter overhead temperature, and pyrolysis splitter overheadpressure. In some cases, the operating profile can include a prescribedvalue, or range of values, for only one of these operating parameters,while, in other cases, the operating profile can include values, or arange of values, for two or more operating parameters.

In some cases, the operating profile suitable for use within pyrolysisfacility 10 may include a heating profile that specifies a range ofprescribed pyrolysis temperatures as a function of cycle time. When aheating profile is used to control a pyrolysis cycle, the actual valueof the pyrolysis temperature may vary by not more than 20° F., not morethan 15° F., not more than 10° F., or not more than 5° F. from theprescribed pyrolysis temperatures provided by the heating profile.

In addition, the operating profile can also include a target value, orrange of values, for at least one property of a pyrolysis productrecovered from the pyrolysis vapor or pyrolysis solids. In some cases,the operating profile can include target values for at least two, atleast three, or four or more properties of the same or of differentpyrolysis products. For example, the operating profile can includetarget values for one or more properties of at least one productrecovered from the pyrolysis vapor and/or target values for one or moreproperties of a product recovered from the pyrolysis solids. Theproperty specified in the operating profile can be percent yield, dailyproduction rate, or per-batch production rate as described above.

When the product comprises carbon black, the property included in theoperating profile can include at least one of total nitrogen adsorption(ASTM D-6556), external surface area (ASTM D-6556), oil absorptionnumber (ASTM D-3493), tint strength (ASTM D-3265), pour density (ASTMD-1513), sieve residue (ASTM D-1514), and fines content (ASTM D-1508).When the product is recovered from the pyrolysis vapor, the productproperty included in the operating profile can be, for example, initialboiling point (ASTM D-86), final boiling point (ASTM D-86), researchoctane number (ASTM D-2699), motor octane number (ASTM D-2700), density(ASTM D-4052), sulfur content (ASTM D-3120), flash point (ASTM D-93),and heating value (ASTM D-4891).

Further, the operating profile may also include at least one prescribedvalue for a feed property of the carbon-containing material to bepyrolyzed. In some cases, the operating profile may include a prescribedvalue for two or more different feed properties. Examples of suitablefeed properties can include, but are not limited to, type of feed,weight of feed (per batch), particle size, and composition of feed. Moreparticularly, if the pyrolyzable feed is a rubber-containing material,the feed properties included in an operating profile may include, butare not limited to, one or more of rubber composition, rubber additives(type and amount), type of tire, type of tire component, rubber particlesize, weight of batch, percent metallic components, and percent recycledpyrolysis solids.

As a result of operating pyrolysis facility 10 according to a specifiedoperating profile, one or more products produced by facility 10 may havevalues for one or more properties, including, for example, those listedabove, that are within a certain amount of the target value for thoseproperties as defined by the operating profile. More particularly, insome cases, one or more products produced by pyrolyzing a feedstockaccording to a given operating profile may have a measured value for atleast one property that is within about 35, within about 30, withinabout 25, within about 20, within about 15, within about 10, or withinabout 5 percent of the target value for that property as provided in theoperating profile. For example, operating pyrolysis facility 10according to a given heating profile may provide a carbon black producthaving a particle size within about 35, within about 30, within about25, within about 20, within about 15, within about 10, or within about 5percent of the target value for carbon black particle size as providedin the operating profile. The specific combination of feed properties,values for operating parameters, and product properties present in agiven profile may be any combination of those provided above, or mayinclude other properties or parameters.

In some cases, operating profiles may be obtained from a third party,such as, for example, a feed supplier or other from another source, orthe operating profiles may be created within the facility by collectingand assembling empirical data. More specifically, in some cases,operating profiles can be created by pyrolyzing various quantities ofpyrolyzable material, recovering solid and/or fluid products from eachbatch of pyrolyzed material, and measuring, recording, and assemblingvalues for one or more feed properties, operating parameters, and/orproduct properties into an operating profile.

More particularly, based on the value, or values, of the property, orproperties, of the product measured during the pyrolysis and recoverysteps, an operating profile may be constructed that comprises aprescribed value, or range of values, for at least one operatingparameter associated with these steps. For example, an operating profilemay be created that includes a prescribed value, or prescribed range ofvalues, for one or more of preheating temperature as a function of time,pyrolysis temperature as a function of time, maximum preheatingtemperature, maximum pyrolysis temperature, preheating time, pyrolysistime, maximum hold temperature, hold time, maximum cooling temperature,cooling time, pyrolysis pressure, and pyrolysis oxygen content.

The operating profile may also include a target value, or range ofvalues, for the property, or properties, of the recovered productmeasured as described above. Examples of suitable property valuespresent in an operating profile can include, but are not limited to,percent yield, daily production rate, per-batch production rate, totalnitrogen adsorption, external surface area, oil absorption number, tintstrength, pour density, sieve residue, and fines content, initialboiling point, final boiling point, research octane number, motor octanenumber, density, sulfur content, flash point, and heating value. Otherproperties may also be measured, and, as discussed above, the operatingprofile may include one or more target values for a single property orone or more target values for two or more different product properties.

Furthermore, as discussed above, the method for creating an operatingprofile may also include the step of measuring a value for at least oneproperty of the feed material prior to pyrolysis, and including aprescribed value, or range of values, for the feed property in theoperating profile. Examples of suitable feed properties can include, butare not limited to, type of feed, weight of feed (per batch), particlesize, and composition of feed. More particularly, if the pyrolyzablefeed is a rubber-containing material, the feed properties may include,but are not limited to, rubber composition, rubber additives (type andamount), type of tire, type of tire component, rubber particle size,weight of batch, percent metallic components, and percent recycledpyrolysis solids.

The pyrolysis and recovery of test batches in order to create anoperating profile may be performed on a laboratory scale, a pilot plantscale, or in a commercial facility. The measured values for theoperating parameter, product property, and/or the feed property, ifpresent, may be correlated to provide an operating profile, which can besubsequently used in future batches to provide products havingpredictable and desirable properties. More than one operating profilemay be created for a single facility (or multiple facilities) by, forexample, pyrolyzing different types of feed and/or pyrolyzing thematerial under different operating conditions. Once created, theoperating profiles may be cataloged, manually or electronically, andstored for future use. In some cases, prior to pyrolysis of a newquantity of pyrolyzable feed stock, a selection can be made between twoor more stored operating profiles based on, for example, the type offeedstock being processed and/or the type, amount, or specific propertyof products required. The selection process may include measuring atleast one property of a feedstock and then comparing the measured valueto a prescribed value, or range of prescribed values, in two or moreoperating profiles in order to determine a difference. In some cases,the operating profile selected for processing a given quantity ofpyrolyzable feed stock may be the profile having a prescribed value forthe feed property that is closest to (i.e., has the smallest differencefrom) the measured value of that property. The difference may be lessthan 20 percent, less than 15 percent, less than 10 percent, or lessthan 5 percent, based on the prescribed value of the feed property.

In other cases, the selection process may include determining a desiredtarget value for at least one product to be recovered from a givenquantity of pyrolyzable feed stock, and comparing the desired targetvalue with the prescribed target value for that property provided in theoperating profile. If the difference between the desired target valueand the prescribed target value for that property of the product iswithin a desirable range, the operating profile having the target valuefor the property closest to (i.e., has the smallest difference from) maybe selected to process that quantity of pyrolyzable feed stock. In somecases, the difference may be less than 20 percent, less than 15 percent,less than 10 percent, or less than 5 percent, based on the prescribedtarget value.

Pyrolysis facility 10 shown in FIG. 1 may further include combustioncontrols, safety interlocks, and furnace permissives (not shown) inorder to prevent furnace start-up/operation under unsafe conditions andfor further control of the pyrolysis process and its emissions.Additionally, pyrolysis facility 10 may further include an automatedfurnace control system, including temperature control and control ofair/fuel ratio into furnace burner, an automatic control system capableof controlling and sequencing pyrolysis system with more than 3, morethan 4, more than 6, more than 8, more than 10 or 12 crucibles. Further,pyrolysis facility 10 may include other devices, systems, or sub-systemsconfigured to facilitate enhanced production and/or efficiency withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” areopen-ended transition terms used to transition from a subject recitedbefore the term to one or more elements recited after the term, wherethe element or elements listed after the transition term are notnecessarily the only elements that make up the subject.

As used herein, the terms “including,” “includes,” and “include” havethe same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and“comprise.”

As used herein, the terms “having,” “has,” and “have” have the sameopen-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise.”

As used herein, the terms “containing,” “contains,” and “contain” havethe same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and“comprise.”

As used herein, the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” mean one or more.

As used herein, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or moreitems, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itselfor any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed.For example, if a composition is described as containing components A,B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; Aand B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; orA, B, and C in combination.

The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used asillustration only, and should not be used in a limiting sense tointerpret the scope of the present invention. Obvious modifications tothe exemplary embodiments, set forth above, could be readily made bythose skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of thepresent invention.

The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Equivalents todetermine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present inventionas pertains to any apparatus not materially departing from but outsidethe literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of pyrolyzing a rubber-containingmaterial, said method comprising: (a) heating at least one crucible atleast partially filled with a first quantity of said rubber-containingmaterial under conditions sufficient to pyrolyze at least a portion ofsaid rubber-containing material to thereby form pyrolysis vapors andpyrolysis solids, wherein said pyrolysis solids comprise carbon black,carbon black fines, and metallic elements; (b) cooling said pyrolysissolids within said crucible to provide cooled pyrolysis solids; (c)emptying said cooled pyrolysis solids from said crucible into a solidstransfer zone; (d) transferring at least a portion of said pyrolysissolids from said solids transfer zone to a solids cooling zone; (e)further cooling said pyrolysis solids in said solids cooling zone toprovide further cooled pyrolysis solids, wherein at least a portion ofsaid cooling is performed using a fluidized bed cooler; (f) separatingsaid further cooled pyrolysis solids into carbon black and metallicelements in a solids separation zone; (g) loading at least a portion ofsaid carbon black into one or more storage containers in a loading zone,wherein at least one of said emptying, said transferring, said furthercooling, said separating, and said loading causes at least a portion ofsaid carbon black fines to be emitted into the surrounding environment;(h) capturing at least a portion of said carbon black fines emitted intosaid surrounding environment during at least a portion of said emptying,said transferring, said further cooling, said separating, and/or saidloading to provide captured carbon black fines; and (i) introducing atleast a portion of said captured carbon black fines into one or morestorage containers in said loading zone.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said capturing is performed during at least a portion of saidemptying and during at least a portion of said loading.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein said solids transfer zone and said loading zone are atleast partially enclosed.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein saidcapturing is performed during at least a portion of each of saidemptying, said transferring, said further cooling, said separating, andsaid loading.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said capturing isperformed using at least two independent dust collection systems.
 6. Themethod of claim 4, wherein said capturing is performed using a singledust collection system.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said capturingincludes passing a stream of gas through at least a portion of saidsurrounding environment to entrain at least a portion of said carbonblack fines emitted into said surrounding environment; and furthercomprising, passing said stream of gas containing the entrained carbonblack fines through at least one filter device to thereby provide afiltered gas stream and removed carbon black fines, wherein saidcaptured carbon black fines introduced into said one or more storagecontainers in said loading zone comprise at least a portion of saidremoved carbon black fines.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein saidrubber-containing material comprises shredded and/or whole tires.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein at least 50 percent of said carbon blackfines have an average particle size less than 100 microns.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said separating isperformed using a magnetic element configured to remove said metallicelements from said carbon black in said solids separation zone.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the total weight of said captured particlesin a day, on average over 30 day period, is at least 5 pounds.
 12. Amethod of pyrolyzing a rubber-containing material, said methodcomprising: (a) heating at least one crucible at least partially filledwith a first quantity of said rubber-containing material underconditions sufficient to pyrolyze at least a portion of saidrubber-containing material to thereby form pyrolysis vapors andpyrolysis solids, wherein said pyrolysis solids comprise carbon black,carbon black fines, and metallic elements; (b) cooling said pyrolysissolids within said crucible to provide cooled pyrolysis solids; (c)emptying said cooled pyrolysis solids from said crucible into a solidstransfer zone; (d) transferring at least a portion of said pyrolysissolids from said solids transfer zone to a solids cooling zone; (e)further cooling said pyrolysis solids in said solids cooling zone toprovide further cooled pyrolysis solids; (f) separating said furthercooled pyrolysis solids into carbon black and metallic elements in asolids separation zone; (g) loading at least a portion of said carbonblack into one or more storage containers in a loading zone, wherein atleast one of said emptying, said transferring, said further cooling,said separating, and said loading causes at least a portion of saidcarbon black fines to be emitted into the surrounding environment; (h)capturing at least a portion of said carbon black fines emitted intosaid surrounding environment during at least a portion of said emptying,said transferring, said further cooling, said separating, and/or saidloading to provide captured carbon black fines, wherein said capturingincludes passing a stream of gas through at least a portion of saidsurrounding environment to entrain at least a portion of said carbonblack fines emitted into said surrounding environment; and (i)introducing at least a portion of said captured carbon black fines intoone or more storage containers in said loading zone.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, further comprising, passing said stream of gas containing theentrained carbon black fines through at least one filter device tothereby provide a filtered gas stream and removed carbon black fines,wherein said captured carbon black fines introduced into said one ormore storage containers in said loading zone comprise at least a portionof said removed carbon black fines.
 14. The method of claim 12, whereinsaid capturing is performed during at least a portion of said emptyingand during at least a portion of said loading.
 15. The method of claim14, wherein said solids transfer zone and said loading zone are at leastpartially enclosed.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein said capturingis performed during at least a portion of each of said emptying, saidtransferring, said further cooling, said separating, and said loading.17. The method of claim 16, wherein said capturing is performed using atleast two independent dust collection systems.
 18. The method of claim12, wherein at least 50 percent of said carbon black fines have anaverage particle size less than 100 microns.
 19. The method of claim 12,wherein at least a portion of said separating is performed using amagnetic element configured to remove said metallic elements from saidcarbon black in said solids separation zone.
 20. The method of claim 12,wherein said rubber-containing material comprises shredded and/or wholetires.